However, these records no longer exist, so you need to use other sources of information. These sources can be information found in the instrument, the brand name on the instrument, or old catalogs. Most old reed organs also have a serial number, somewhere written or stamped in the organ. This serial number can often.

970+ Player Piano Makes & Makers, and the Player Systems that They Installed Service/Technical Manuals - Used Player Piano Parts - Testing the Player Piano - Player Technicians Listing - Player Piano Makers - Player Piano Roll Makers - The Player Actions that They Used Non-US Made Instruments - Very Interesting Instruments - Next to each piano name is one or more numbers. Each number represents a different Player Piano Action. Clicking on the number will take you to a 'Systems' page which may have a short description of that action along with pictures or drawings (if available). Compare what is described in the page against the player action in your piano. Every 'Systems' page has a link to the applicable, if one is available. In many cases, companies used different player actions in different models and/or at different times during the heyday of the player piano. If you have tried all of the selections that are offered here, and you still can't find a match, I'd like to know.

The completeness and accuracy of this listing depends in part on you. As new information becomes known, the list is immediately updated. If it's not in this list, please write to: For historical information about a piano company, please visit the website. For another source of historical information, visit the webpage.

And for even more information, provided by Bill Kibby, visit '. For possible help in determining the age of your piano,. An online listings of piano serial numbers/ages can be seen. Disclaimer: This listing is only as accurate as the information that has been provided by numerous sources. It is not possible to verify all of the information. However, if you are positive that something in the listing is in error, please bring it to my attention and it will be corrected. Abel - Ackerman & Lowe -,, Adams, C.C.

- Adek - (unknown) Adler -, AEolian - AEriola -, Aerotone - (unknown) Ainsworth - Albert - Albrecht -, Alden - Aldrich -, Alexander -, Allen. - Allen & Co. - American -, American Player Piano Co. - Amherst -, Anderson. F.P., & Co.-,, Andrus & Co.

- Antpusat - Apollo -, Apollophone -, (stack) Archer - Arion -, See also Estey Arlington - Armand - (unknown) Armstrong -, Art Electric - Artemis - (unknown) MFG by Steger or Singer Artistano - Atristone - Artistyle -, Arthur - Artola - Artolian - Artronome - Ashton - (unknown) Astor - Auburn - Austin Piano Co. - Auto-Art - Auto Lyric - Automatic - (maybe Seeburg) Auto-Melodist - (unknown) Auto-Player - Auto-Pneumatic Action Co.

- Autograph - Autokrat - Autola - Autopiano -, Autotheme - Autotone - Bach - Bachman - Bacon, Francis - Bahnsen - Bahnson - Bailey - Baker Piano Co. - Baldwin - Baldwin (mod.) - Barklay - Barnes & Son - Barthel & Duesenberg (St. Bassett Bros. - Bauer, Julius - Bauer & Stultz - Baumeister - Baus - Bay, H.C. - Bayer - Made by Koth-Bayer,, Beale - (Australian) -, Becker Bros. -,,, Beckerman - Beckman -, Beckwith -,,,,, Behning -, Behr Bros.

-, Belford - Bell & Co. - Bellack - (unknown) Bellaire - Bellman - Belmore - Bennet-Bretz - Bennett - Bennington -,, Benson (Special) - (unknown) Bent, Geo. - Berkshire - Berman - Biddle Piano Co.

- Billings - Birns, Saul - Bishop - Bjur Bros. -,, Blackstone -, Blake, Chas. - Blasius & Son - Bloomingdale Bros. - Bluthner - Boardman & Gray - Boas - Boettcher, A.H. - Bogart Piano Co. - Bohemian - Bollermann & Sons - () Bond -,, Botefur - Boudoir - Bourne, Wm & Son - Bowen -,, Bradbury - Bradford - Bradley - Brambach -, Braums - Braumuller -, Brent - Brentwood - Breslin - (unknown) Brewster -, Briggs -,, Brimmead & Son - Unknown Brinkerhoff - Bristol - Brooks-Evans - (by Haddorff) Browning - Bruce - Brunton - (unknown) Bungalow - Burgess Bros.

- Burdett - Burgess Bros. - Burmeister - Bush & Gerts -,,,,,, Bush & Lane -,,, Butler Bros. -,, Byron & Mauzy - Cabaret (Aeolian mod.) - Cable, Fayette S. -, Cable, Hobart M. -,,,,,, Cable & Sons -,, Cable Co. - Cable-Nelson -,, Cadillac Auto Player -, or Cadwell, R.W. - Caldwell - Cambridge -,, Cameo - Cameo (mod.) - Cameron - Camp & Co.

- Campbell, J. - Canada (brand name) - Candler -, Capen - Carleton - Carlisle -, others do exist Carlton - (unknown) Carola Inner Player - Carter - Casablanca (mod.) - Casino - (Wurlitzer) Celeste - Challen - Angelus - Challen - Rusola - Chandler -, Channing - Charleton - Chase, A. -,,, Chase Bros. - Chase & Baker -, Chase & Gertz - Chase Hackley -,, Chase & Gertz - Chauncey - Cheney, A.C. - unknown (see Schmoller & Mueller) Chester -, Chesterfield - Chickering & Son - Chickering Bros. -, Chilton-AEriola - Chippendale - Christie - Christman -, Church, John -,, Chute & Butler -, Clarendon -,,, Claritone - Clark - Clark, Melville -, Classic - Claxton - (manual tracking) Clayton - Cleremont - Clinton - Clough & Warren - Coinola - (made own action) Colby - (unknown)() Coleman - Collins-Decker - Columbia - Columbus - Commodore - Concertone - Concord -, Copley - Conn - Conover - Conrad -, Conreid - Continental -, Convertola - Conway - Cook - Copley - Cornado - Cornish - Cote - Craig Piano Co. - Craighead - Cramer -,, Higel (possible) Crane, W.

- Crawford -, Cremona - (made own action) Crest - Crippen - Cromwell -, Crown -, Cumberland - Cunningham -, Curtice -,, Curtis - Dardanella - Davenport & Treacy - Davies & Son -, Davis & Son -, Daynes-Beebe - Dayton -, DeCarlo Bros. (NYC) -unknown (possibly Recordo) Decker & Son - Deckert - (unknown) Dekalb - De Koven - made by Cable Dekoven -, Delmar - unknown Denniston - unknown (maybe Artistone) Dennyson - Derby (Toronto) - Derivas & Harris -, Detmer, Henry - Diacrown - Doherty - (Canadian) - (Unknown) Doll, Jacob -, Doll & Son -,, Dominion - Canada - Doymarx - Drachman -, Drake (UK) - Duchess -, Dulcitone -,, Dunbar -, Dunham -, Dunker, D. - Durand -, Duo/Art (Aeolian mod.) - Duo-Concerto - Duolectra - Durham -,, Durrell Piano Co. - Dyer & Sons - Dynacord - Eberhardt & Hays - Ebersole -,, Edward & Son - Edwards Co.

- Eggemeyer - (unknown) Eilers - Elbridge -, Elburn - Elburton - Electra - Elepian - Elgin -,, Elite - Ellar - Ellington - Ellison & Son - (unknown) Ellsworth - Ellwood -, Elwood - Emerald -,, Emerson -,,, Empress - Engelhardt, J & Sons - (unknown) Ennis & Co. -, (Canadian - also made own) Entwerp - Erhard - Ernest - Estey Piano Co. -,, Estey - rare Euphona - Euphonola - Eureka -, Evans - Everard - Everett - Everhard - Exceltone (Chase Hackley) -, Exner -, Faber -,, Fairbanks -,,,,,,,, Fairfleld - Farber, P. - Farnery - (possibly) Farny (or Farney) - Farrand -,, Farrington -, Farstone - Faser - Felder - Fischer, J. -,,, Fitzgerald - Fleischer & Co. - Floyd Piano Co.

- Foley & Williams - Forbes - Forbes, E. -, Forrest - Foster & Co. -, (rare) Foster-Armstrong Co. - Francesca - Francke -, Franklin - (Reproducing) Frederick -, French, Jesse -,, Fuehr & Stemmer - Fullerton -, Gabel & Sons - (in research) - based in New York Gabler -, Gardner - Garland -, Gebhardt - Gehr - Gennett - Gerard-Heintzman - action unknown Gerhard - (unknown) Gibbs - Gilbert - Gildmeister - Gilmore -,, Gimbel Bros.

- (see Ashton) Girard - Glaxton - Goetz & Co. - Goetzmann - Gold Bell (Gross Piano) -, Goldsmith - Goldwyn - Goosman - Gordon & Son -, Gorham -, Gorrs & Kalemann (Berlin) - Gounod - Gourlay - (unknown) Gourley, Winter & Leeming, Ltd. - Gram, Edmund -, Grau, Otto -,, Griffith - Griggs - Gross, Geo. -, Grinnell Bros. -,, Gulbransen - Gulbransen-Dickinson - Grinnel Bros. - Guth, Arthur E. - Haddorff -,, Haggerty Cook, Inc.

-,, Haines Bros. -,, Hall, Myers F. - Hall & Son - (unknown), also Recordo Hallet & Davis -, also Hamlin - Hamilton - Hammond -,,, Hampton - Hanover - Harding -, Hardman -, Harmock - Harmonola - Harmonist - (unknown) Harmony - Harmotone - Harrington - Harris & Co. - Harrison -, Hart - Hart, Junius - Hartford -, (others used) Hartzell -, Harvard -,, Harvey, C. -,, Harwood - Hayea - Haynes - Haysey - Hazelton Bros. - Hazelwood - Healy, Edw.

- Heide, August - (unknown) Heintzman, Gerhard -, (maybe Air-O-Player)? Heinzman Piano Co. - Heller -,, Henderson -,, Henkelman -, Henning -, Hensel - Heppe, C. J., & Son - Herbert -, Herbert, Henry - Heritage (mod.) - Herrick, G. - Heyser, E.B.

- Hinze - Hoffman -, Hoffmann - Chicago -,,, Holland - (rare), Hollerbach - Holmes & Sons - Homer - Hopkins, Chas. - (unknown) Hospe -,, Howard - Howard, R. -,, Hubalek - (unknown), (possible) Hudson - Hughes & Son - Humana - Humbolt - Huntington -, Huyler -, Ideal - International - Interiola -, Invisible - lrving - lrvington - Ivers & Pond - Ivers & Pond (modern) - (Aeolian mod.) Iverson - Jacob Bros. -, Jacobson - James & Holstrom -, Janssen -,, Jarrett - Jefferson - Jeffersonian - Jewell - Jewett -, John Ralph (London) - (Unknown) Johnson, E. -,, Johnson, H. -,, Jules, Edouard - Kaiser, Adolf - Karmann & Son - Karn - (Canada) Kasselman - Kauffman - (unknown) Keepsake (Aeolian mod.) - Keller & Sons -,, also Recordo Kelly - Kelman - unknown (stencil player) Kelso & Co.

- Kelsworth - Kenmore -, Kennedy (Baltimore) -, Kensington -,, Kershner - Kerzheim -, Keystone - Kieselhorst - (Apollo) (?) Kilbourne - Kimball - Kimball (modern) - Kimberly - Kindler-Collins - King. - Kingsbury - Kingsbury (mod.) - Kingston -,,, Kirby - Kinston - (unknown) Kirchman - Kirchoff, L. - Kirschner - Kleekamp Bros.

- Kline -, Klomond & Nord - Knabe -,, Knapell - unknown -? Knight-Brinkerhoff - Knight-Campbell - Kohler, Chas. -, Kohler & Campbell -, (rare) Kohler & Campbell (modern) - Kohlman(n) - A.C. Cheney action??

Koth-Bayer - Made Bayer and Metalnola Players Krakauer Bros. -,, Kranich & Bach - Krehling - Kreiter -,,, (A.C.

Cheney) Kreiter, K. - Krell -, Kroeger -, Kurtzheim - Kurtzmann -,,,,, also Lafayette - Laffargue -,, Lagonda -, Lakeside -,, Lakewood - Langdon - Langelier - Lansdowne - (Unknown) Lansing - LaRocca - Lauter-Humana - Laverne - Lawson -,, Leader (Toronto) - (unknown) Lechner & Schoenberger - Leckerling -, Lehr -, Leins - (unknown) Leiter - Leland -, Lemac - (made player system for 1960's K & C players) Lenox -, Leonard -,,, Leslie Bros. -, Lessing -, Lester -,,, LeVine & Black - (unknown) Lexington - Limited (mod.) - Lincoln -,,, Lincolnola - Lindeman -, Lindemann & Sons -,,, Lindenberg -, Lindsay - Lingard -, Link & Son -, Livingston -,,, Llewelyn - Lockhart - Lockwood - Lohmann - Long, Frank - (unknown-maybe Schulz) Lord & Co. -,, Lorraine - Loud, Robert L. - Love, Malcom -, Lowrey - (70's) - Lucien - Ludlow -,, Ludwig - Lyon & Healy -, Lyra - Lyric -, Macey & Camp -, McCammon - (unknown) McCausland, T.E. - McPhail - Madelon - Madison -,,, Majestic -, Mansfield -,, Mallory - Manualo - Manville - Marbro-Wagner - Marcellus - Marclay - Marks, Carl - Marlowe - Marshall - Marshall & Rose - Marshall & Wendell -,,, Marshall Piano Co.

-, Marveola -, Marville - Marvin - Mason -, Mason, Edw. - Mason & Hamlin - (Welte Mignon Red/T100) Mason & Risch -, Master -, Mathushek -,, Matthews -, Mauzy, Byron - Maxwell - Maxwell - Mayer Bros - Maynard - Maytona - Mazi - Mehlin & Sons -,, Meister -, Melbion? - unknown () Melbourne -, Meldorf - Melin-Winkel - early Gulbransen-Dickenson Mellor, C.

-, Mellor & Hoene - (Unknown) Mellotone -,, Melodigrand -, Meloharp - Melostrelle - Melville/Clark -, Mendelssohn -,,,, Mendenhall - Mercer - Merriam - Merrill -,,, Mervyn - Metalnola - Some made by Koth-Bayer Metz (made by Allied in NY) - Meyer & Son - Meyers - Miller, Henry F. - Miller, S.W. -, Milner - Milton -,, Minipiano - Ministrelo - Minum - Mitchell - unknown Modello - Modeska - (by Janssen) - unknown Monaghan - (and maybe others) Monarch - Mono Player - Monroe - (unknown) Morel - Morenus - (unknown) Moore, David - (unknown) Morrison - (unknown) Mueller & Bach - most likely Mueller & Haines - Murdoch, Murdoch, and Co - English (hybrid system) Musette (Aeolian mod.) - Musicale - Musselman, W.N.

- (unknown) National (modern) - National Player Piano - Needham - Nelson, H. -, Nelson-Crane (Chicago) - unknown Nelson-Wiggin - Netzow -,,, Nevin -, Newburn - Newby & Evans -,,, Newcombe - Newman & Sons - (Aristos - no info) Newmyer - (unknown, maybe Autopiano) Newton - Nilson & Co. - Noll - Nordheimer - (Canada?) - Norland -, Norman - Normandie - Norris, Chas. - Norris, Geo. -, Norris & Hyde -,, Norwood - Oakland - Offenbach - (Sherman & Clay),, Oktavek - Old World (mod.) - Oliver -,, Opera - (Made by Jacob Bros., and Peek & Sons) Orpheola - Orpheus - Otto - made in NY? Ouvrier Bros, NY (unknown) Oxford (Bush & Lane) - (unknown) Packard -,,,, Pace, W.L. - (by Schultz)(Gulbransen - possible) Painter & Ewing - Paling, W.H.

- Parklyn -, Parkman - Paulus - Pearlman - Pease -,, Peek & Son - Peerless - (unknown) Peffer - Perry - Perryola - Peter Pan - Phelps - Philharmonic - Phillips, H. -, Pianista -, Pianola (64-note) (Aeolian mod.) - Pianotist (made by Adek) Pickering - Piquett - Play-a-Piano (Lawson) - Playernola - Playola - Playotone -, Playtona -, Pleyel - (Autopleyela, French) Plymouth - Poole -, Poppenberg Bros. - Porch Bros. - unknown system Pratte, L.E.N. - (Canadian) unknown Premier -, Prescott - (unknown) Preston - Price & Teeple -,, Primatone - Princeton -, Pullman - Purcell - Pureatone -, Putnam -,, Radcliffe -, Radle -,,, Raper, John - Raudenbush & Sons - Raymond - Reed & Sons - Regal - Regent -,,, Reichardt -,, Reinhard & Co.

-, Reinhardt - Rembrandt - Remington -, Repro-Phraso - Rex - (unknown) Ricca & Son - (also made own), Rice & Wuest Co. - Richardson - Richmond - Roemer Bros. - (unknown) Rogers, George - Ross, Charles - (unknown) Roth Piano Co. - Rothschild -, Royal - Rudolf -, Rushworth & Dreaper - Rusola - Rythmodik - St. Regis - Salyer & Salyer - Sanders & Stayman -, Sanford -, Sargeant - Sattler - Schaeffer -, Schaeffer (modern) -, Schafer & Sons - Schaaf, Adam -,,,,, Schaff Bros. -,,, Schencke - Schiller -, Schilling - Schirmer -, Schleicher & Sons -,, (also Recordo) Schmidt & Schulz - Schmidt-Dauber -, Schmoller & Mueller -,,,, Schoeneberg & Rahn - Schofield - unknown Schomacker - Schrimer - Schriver - Schroeder, H.

- Schroeder Bros. -, Schubert -,, Schuler -, Schultz - (unknown) Schulz, M. - Schumann -, Schutte Bros. - Seaverns - Seeburg - (made own action), (rare) Seeger, H.A.

(action not known. Yet) Segerstrom - Selmer - Settergren - Seybold -,, Shattinger - Shattuck - Shaw -,, Shearer -, Shearington - Sherlock-Manning - Sherman, Clay & Co.

-, Sherwood - Shoninger -,,, Shorewood - Shutes - Singer - Simonek - (unknown - 08-07-02) Siragusa - Smith & Barnes -, Smith & Nixon - Smith Piano Co. - Sohmer -, Sohward - Solo Concerto - Soloist - Solostyle - Solotone -, Sorinola - Spector - (unknown) Sprinkler - (unknown action) Standard -, Standard Pneu. - Stanley, Frank (Toronto) - Stanley & Sons -, Starck, P. -,,, Starr -,, Steck, Geo.

- Steger -, Steiff -, Stein, Charles F. - Steinbach - Steinbach & Dreher - Steinhauer - (unknown) Steinert - Steinman & Son - Steinway & Sons - Stella - (?) Stelzner - Stendell - Sterling -,, Sterlitone - Sting (Aeolian mod.) - Sting II (Aeolian mod.) - Stodart -,, Stone - Story & Clark -, Strad -,,, Stratford - Strathmore - Stratton - Straube -,,, Strauch Bros. - (see Mallory) Strauss - Street, Claude P. - Strich & Zeidler - Strohber -,, Stroud - Stuart - Studeberg - (Unknown) possibly Standard Pneumatic Action Co Stultz & Bauer -, Stultz & Co.

- Stuyvesant -, Supremacy - (unknown) Sweetland - Symfonia - Symphonia - Symphonola - Symphony - Symphotone - Taber - Technola - Tehge - Temple -, Tennyson - Thayer - Thiebes - Thiery - (Unknown) Thomas, Frank - (Unknown) Thompson - Tiffany - Tillinghast - Tonarch - Tonk, Wm., & Bros. - Trayser - Triumph - Troubadour -, Troup - (early) Trowbridge - Tryber - (unknown) Tusch-Rymer - Twitchell -, Tyier - Underwood - Underwood & Sons - Universal - Universal (modern) - Upham (H.W.) & Sons - Unknown Valentine -, Vanguard - Verdi & Rossini - (unknown) Victor -,, Victoria - Victorian (mod.) - Vingard - (maybe) Violagrand - Virtuola - Voc-O-Tone - Vollmer -, Vose & Sons -, Vossler -, Vough - Wade, Bryant E.

- Wadsworth - Wagner - Waldemar -, Waldorf - Walters -,, Waltham -,,,,,,,, Walworth - Warde, C. - Wardell -, Warfield -,,, (rare) Warren - Washburn - (rare), Wassermann -, Waterloo - Waterman -, Waters, Horace - Waud - Waverly - Wayne - Weaver -, Weaver. -,, Webber - Weber -,,,, Recordo? Webster -, Wegman -,, Wegner -, Weiler - Weiser & Son -, or - maybe Recordo Weiss - Wellesley & Paine - Wellington -, Wellsmore -,, Wendland - Wentworth -,, Werlein -, may be others Werner - Weser Bros. -,, Wessell - Western Electric (see Cremona or Seeburg) Weydig -, Wheelock - Whitman Piano Co.

- Whitney -,, plus other unknown Whittier -,, Widdifield -, Wick,P.S. -, Wilbur - Wilcox & White - Wildredth - Wilfred - (unknown) Willard - Williams & Sons - (Deluxe) Williams, R.S. - Willis & Co. -,, Wilson -, Wilson & Sons - (unknown) Windsor -,, Winfield - Wing & Son -, Winter - Winter & Co. - Winterroth & Co.

- (unknown) Winthrop - Winton - Wise, Clark - (unknown) Wissner, Otto -,, Wissner & Sons -, Wondertone - Wood & Son - Woodard - (unknown) Woodbury -, Woodmansee -, Woodward -,, Worthington - Wright & Sons - Wuertz, 0. - Wurlitzer -,, 4-in-1 metal block valve (rare) Wurlitzer (modern) - Wurlitzer (Casino) - York -,, Zellman - Zellner - Zenkers & Schultz - Zephyr - Zimmerman - 94 Known Player Actions Click on the NAME to find Identifying Characteristics of that Action [if available]) Also try the new Player Piano Actions 'described' section.

1., () 2., () 3., () 4. 5., () 6., () 7., () 8., () 9.,, () 10., () 11., () 12., () 13. 19., also see: 20., () 21. 22., () 23., () 24., () 25., () 26.

33., () 34., () 35., () 36. 45., () 46., (.

'Aliases' redirects here. For other uses, see. A pseudonym ( ) or alias is a that a person or group assumes for a particular purpose, which can differ from their original or true name (). Pseudonyms include and (both called screen names),,,, aliases, or identities and code names, gamer identifications, and of,, and other. Historically, they have often taken the form of, Graecisms, and, although there are many other methods of choosing a pseudonym. Pseudonyms should not be confused with new names that replace old ones and become the individual's full-time name.

Pseudonyms are 'part-time' names, used only in certain contexts – usually adopted to hide an individual's real identity, as with writers', artists' tags, or noms de guerre, and computer '., musicians, and other performers sometimes use, for example, to mask their ethnic backgrounds. In some cases, pseudonyms are adopted because they are part of a cultural or organisational tradition: for example used by members of some, and 'cadre names' used by leaders such as and. A pseudonym may also be used for personal reasons: for example, an individual may prefer to be called or known by a name that differs from their given or, but is not ready to take the numerous steps to get their name; or an individual may simply feel that the context and content of an exchange offer no reason, legal or otherwise, to provide their given or legal name. A collective name or collective pseudonym is one shared by two or more persons, for example the co-authors of a work, such as,. Main article: When used by an,, radio,, or other performer or ' personality a pseudonym is called a stage name, or, occasionally, a professional name, or screen name.

Film, theatre, and related activities [ ] Members of a marginalized ethnic or religious group have often adopted stage names, typically changing their surname or entire name to mask their original background. Stage names are also used to create a more marketable name, as in the case of Creighton Tull Chaney, who adopted the pseudonym, a reference to his famous father of fame was christened as Christopher Crummey. In this and similar cases a stage name is adopted simply to avoid an unfortunate. Pseudonyms are also used to comply with the rules of ( (SAG), (WGA),, etc.), which do not allow performers to use an existing name, in order to avoid confusion. For example, these rules required film and television actor Michael Fox to add a middle initial and become, to avoid being confused with another actor named. This was also true of author and actress, who chose this pseudonym; her real name, Patricia Neal, being the name of; and British actor, whose real name was James Stewart.

The film-making team of, for instance, share credit for editing under the alias Roderick Jaynes. Some stage names are used to conceal a person's identity, such as the pseudonym, which was used by directors in the (DGA) to remove their name from a film they feel was edited or modified beyond their artistic satisfaction.

In theatre, the pseudonyms, and are used to hide the identity of a performer, usually when he or she is 'doubling' (playing more than one role in the same play). Was a name used by the to conceal the identity of a scriptwriter, such as for the serial, which had 3 writers, including, who was at the time of writing the show's Script Editor. In another Doctor Who serial,, writer demanded the removal of his name from the credits saying it could go out under a 'bland pseudonym'. This ended up being the name Robin Bland.

Music [ ] Musicians and singers can use pseudonyms to allow artists to collaborate with artists on other labels while avoiding the need to gain permission from their own labels, such as the artist, who made songs under Napoleon XIV. Rock singer-guitarist, for example, played guitar on 's song ' using a pseudonym.

In classical music, some record companies issued recordings under a nom de disque in the 1950s and 1960s to avoid paying royalties. A number of popular budget LPs of piano music were released under the pseudonym.

[ ] Pseudonyms are also used as stage names in bands, such as in, and in, in, or in. Some of these names have additional meanings, like that of Brian Hugh Warner, more commonly known as: Marilyn coming from and Manson from convicted serial killer. Of went under the name 'Coby Dick' during the era.

He changed back to his birth name when was released., creator of, wrote original songs, arranged, and produced the records under his real name, but performed on them as. He also wrote songs using the name Skipper Adams. Danish pop pianist, whose full name is Bent Fabricius-Bjerre, wrote his biggest instrumental hit ' under the name Frank Bjorn. For a time, the musician used an unpronounceable ' as a pseudonym ('Prince' is his actual first name rather than a stage name). He wrote the song ' for under the alias 'Alexander Nevermind' and ' for as 'Christopher Tracy' (he also produced albums early in his career as 'Jamie Starr'). Many Italian-American singers have used stage names as their birth names were difficult to pronounce, or considered too ethnic for American tastes.

Singers changing their names included (born Dino Paul Crocetti), (born Concetta Franconero), (born Francesco Castelluccio), (born Anthony Benedetto), and (born Stefani Germanotta) In 2009, British rock band briefly changed their name to so they could play a whole show featuring a setlist in which 95 percent of the songs played were from their forthcoming new album of the same name, with none of their singles included. Frontman felt that if they played as Feeder, there would be an uproar that they did not play any of the singles, so used the pseudonym as a hint. A series of small shows were played in 2010, at 250- to 1,000-capacity venues with the plan not to say who the band really are and just announce the shows as if they were a new band. In many cases, hip-hop and rap artist prefer to use pseudonyms that represents some variation of their name, personality, or interests. Prime examples include (her name comes from her dog name, Iggy, and her home street in, Azalea street) (who was known under at least six aliases), (previously known at various times as Puffy, P.

Diddy, and Puff Daddy),, (his name is a tribute to his home state, ),, and. Artists also adopt pseudonyms, usually symbolizing dark values, such as,, Abbath, and Silenoz. In punk and hardcore punk, singers and band members often replace their real names with 'tougher'-sounding stage names, such as (real name John Simon Ritchie) of the late 1970s band and 'Rat' of the early 1980s band and the 2000s re-formation of. Punk rock band also had every member take the last name of Ramone.

Of the rock band chose to go by the name 'Lord Phallus' during the release of the band's albums. A similar practice occurred in hardcore with musicians taking the names of their bands, like of and of who, for a while, billed himself as Ray of Today. The Norwegian electronic duo 's pseudonym for their album was Emmanuel Splice. Henry John Deutschendorf Jr., an American used the stage name. The Australian country musician born Robert Lane changed his name to.

Reginald Kenneth Dwight legally changed his name to in 1972. See also [ ] • • • • • • • • • • Notes [ ]. • Room (2010, 3).

• Peschke (2006, vii). •, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus project •, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus project • Turco, Lewis (1999).. Hanover and London: University Press of New England. Retrieved 17 October 2017. Retrieved 2017-06-01. • Robertson, Nan, The Girls in the Balcony: Women, Men, and The New York Times (N.Y.: Random House, [2nd printing?] 1992 ( )), p. In 1968, one such employer was, the affected workers were classified-advertising takers, and the renaming was away from,, and names to ones 'with a flavor'.

• The Ruse That Roared, The Washington Post, 5 November 1995, Richard Leiby, James Lileks • ^ Naughton, Julie (1 June 2012).. Rpg Maker Vx Ace Product Key Keygen Photoshop. Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 6 May 2014.

•, Author Pseudonyms: R. Accessed 27 November 2009.

November 2011. Guillemot Maxi Studio Isis Drivers Xp. Retrieved 25 November 2011. • The Age 19 October 1940, hosted on Google News.. Retrieved 25 October 2013. • My Early Life – 1874–1904, hosted on Google Books..

Retrieved 25 October 2013. Indiana University: Serpent's Tail.

Retrieved 14 October 2012. • Cocke, Taylor (26 November 2013).. Retrieved 14 May 2015. • Ryan, Harriet; Yoshino, Kimi (17 July 2009).. Retrieved 14 October 2012.

Retrieved 14 October 2012. • Stix, Harriet (14 May 1986).. Los Angeles Times.

Retrieved 5 January 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2012.

Retrieved 18 July 2015. • Shannon Patrick Sullivan.. Retrieved 29 April 2006. • ^ Gallagher, William (27 March 2012)... Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2013. CS1 maint: Unfit url () • Howe, Walker and Stammers Doctor Who the Handbook: The Fourth Doctor pp 175–176 • Winn, John (2009)..

Three Rivers Press. Sources [ ] • Peschke, Michael. International Encyclopedia of Pseudonyms. Detroit: Gale..

• Room, Adrian. Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co.. External links [ ] Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Has the text of the article.