Main article: are, revolving entirely around duty rather than emotions or end goals. All actions are performed in accordance with some underlying or principle, which are vastly different from each other; it is according to this that the moral worth of any action is judged. Kant's ethics are founded on his view of rationality as the ultimate good and his belief that all people are fundamentally rational beings. This led to the most important part of Kant's ethics, the formulation of the, which is the criterion for whether a maxim is good or bad. Simply put, this criterion amounts to a: to attempt to universalize the maxim (by imagining a world where all people necessarily acted in this way in the relevant circumstances) and then see if the maxim and its associated action would still be conceivable in such a world. For instance, holding the maxim kill anyone who annoys you and applying it universally would result in a world which would soon be devoid of people and without anyone left to kill.

Sep 25, 2017. Vooral 20e eeuw. 28-3-1989 The Stranger has 489,707 ratings and 15,075 reviews. Existentialism lund university thesis in the The Stranger - Download as Word Doc (.doc), PDF File. (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online. 711 quotes have been tagged as existentialism: Brief explanation about.

Thus holding this maxim is irrational as it ends up being impossible to hold it. Universalizing a maxim (statement) leads to it being valid, or to one of two contradictions — a contradiction in conception (where the maxim, when universalized, is no longer a viable means to the end) or a contradiction in will (where the will of a person contradicts what the universalization of the maxim implies). The first type leads to a 'perfect duty', and the second leads to an 'imperfect duty.' Kant's ethics focus then only on the maxim that underlies actions and judges these to be good or bad solely on how they conform to reason. 4k Video Downloader Mac Serial. Kant showed that many of our common sense views of what is good or bad conform to his system but denied that any action performed for reasons other than rational actions can be good (saving someone who is drowning simply out of a great pity for them is not a morally good act). Kant also denied that the consequences of an act in any way contribute to the moral worth of that act, his reasoning being (highly simplified for brevity) that the physical world is outside our full control and thus we cannot be held accountable for the events that occur in it. The Formulations of the: • Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.

• Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end. • Therefore, every rational being must so act as if he were through his maxim always a legislating member in the universal kingdom of ends. Political philosophy [ ] In, Kant has had wide and increasing influence with major political philosophers of the late twentieth century. For example [ ] drew heavily on his inspiration in setting out the basis for a view of political institutions. [ ] The nature of Rawls' use of Kant has engendered serious controversy [ ] but has demonstrated the vitality of Kantian considerations across a wider range of questions than was once thought plausible. See also [ ] • • References [ ]. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals.

Translated by James W. Ellington (3rd ed.).

Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by James W. Ellington (3rd ed.). Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by James W. Ellington (3rd ed.). Bibliography [ ] • Henry Allison (2004) Kant's transcendental Idealism (Yale University Press) • Thomas Auxter (1982) Kant's Moral Teleology (Mercer University Press) • Lewis White Beck (1960) A Commentary on Kant's Critique of Practical Reason (University of Chicago Press) • R.

Beiner and W.J. Booth (eds.) (1993) Kant and Political Philosophy (Yale University Press) • Gary Banham (2000) Kant and the Ends of Aesthetics (Macmillan) • Gary Banham (2000) 'Teleology, Transcendental Reflection and Artificial Life' Tekhnehma: Journal of Philosophy and Technology Number 6.

• Gary Banham (2003) Kant's Practical Philosophy: From Critique to Doctrine (Palgrave Macmillan) • Gary Banham (2006) Kant's Transcendental Imagination (Palgrave Macmillan) • Howard Caygill (1989) Art of Judgment (Blackwell) • Howard Caygill (1995) A Kant Dictionary (Blackwell) • Mary Gregor (1963) Laws of Freedom: A Study of Kant's Method of Applying the Categorical Imperative in the Metaphysik Der Sitten (Basil Blackwell) • Palmquist, Stephen (1993). Kant's system of perspectives: an architectonic interpretation of the critical philosophy. Lanham: University Press of America..

• Palmquist, Stephen (2000). Kant's critical religion. Aldershot, Hants, England Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate.. • John Rawls (2000) Lectures on the History of Moral Philosophy (Harvard University Press) External links [ ] •.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Description [ ] Some religions have which they view as divinely or supernaturally revealed or inspired. For instance,, and believe that the was received from on. Most Christians believe that both the and the were by God. Muslims believe the was revealed by God to word by word through the angel ( Jibril).

In, some are considered, 'not human compositions', and are supposed to have been directly revealed, and thus are called, 'what is heard'. The 15,000 handwritten pages produced by the mystic were represented as direct dictations from, while she attributed to her. Stated that had been revealed to him through a higher being that called itself. A revelation communicated by a supernatural entity reported as being present during the event is called a.

Direct conversations between the recipient and the supernatural entity, or physical marks such as, have been reported. In rare cases, such as that of Saint, physical artifacts accompany the revelation. The concept of includes just an inner voice heard by the recipient. In the, the term is used to refer to the process by which reveals knowledge of himself, his, and his to the world of human beings.

In secondary usage, revelation refers to the resulting human knowledge about God,, and other things. Revelation from a supernatural source plays a less important role in some other religious traditions such as, and. Background [ ] Revelation may be defined as the communication of some truth by God to a rational creature through means which are beyond the ordinary course of nature. George Joyce draws a distinction between revelation and inspiration. Inspiration – such as that bestowed by God on the author of a sacred book – involves a special illumination of the mind, in virtue of which the recipient conceives such thoughts as God desires him to commit to writing, and does not necessarily involve supernatural communication. With the in Europe, beginning about the mid-17th century, the development of, and, the concept of supernatural revelation itself faced skepticism. In (1794–1809), develops the theology of, rejecting the possibility of and arguing that a revelation can be considered valid only for the original recipient.

This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and. (July 2012) () Individual revelation [ ] believed in two types of individual revelation from, and. In, God reveals himself through his creation, such that at least some truths about God can be learned by the study of nature,,, etc., to an individual.

Special revelation is the knowledge of God and spiritual matters which can be discovered through means, such as scripture or miracles, by individuals. Refers to communication from God to someone in particular. Though one may deduce the existence of God and some of God's attributes through general revelation, certain specifics may be known only through special revelation. Aquinas believed that special revelation is equivalent to the revelation of God in Jesus. The major theological components of Christianity, such as the and the, are revealed in the teachings of the church and the scriptures and may not otherwise be deduced.

Special revelation and natural revelation are complementary rather than contradictory in nature. ' is a term for the theological position that God continues to reveal divine principles or commandments to humanity. In the 20th century, religious proposed that revelation held no content in and of itself but rather that God inspired people with his presence by coming into contact with them. Revelation is a human response that records how we respond to God. Public revelation [ ]. The mass-revelation at the in an illustration from a Christian Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Company, 1907 Some religious groups believe a deity has been revealed or spoken to a large group of people or have legends to a similar effect.

In the, is said to have been revealed upon giving the to the. In, the describes the wherein a large group of the followers of experienced mass revelation. The believe spoke directly to the people in the establishment of Lakota religious traditions. Some versions of an tell of speaking directly to the Aztec people upon their arrival. Historically, some have also been deified and treated as though their words are themselves revelations. Methods [ ] Verbal [ ]. Main articles:,, and Many Christians believe in the possibility and even reality of, messages from God for individuals, which can come in a variety of ways.

Is an example in and there are alleged cases today also. However, Christians see as of a much higher level the revelation recorded in the known as the. They consider these books to be written by human authors under the inspiration of the. They regard Jesus as the supreme revelation of God, with the Bible being a revelation in the sense of a witness to him. The states that 'the Christian faith is not a 'religion of the book.' Christianity is the religion of the, a word which is 'not a written and mute word, but the Word which is incarnate and living'.

Gregory and Nix speak of as meaning that, in its original form, the Bible is totally without error, and free from all contradiction, including the historical and scientific parts. Coleman speaks of as meaning that the Bible is inerrant on issues of faith and practice but not history or science.

The speaks not about infallibility of Scripture but about its freedom from error, holding 'the doctrine of the inerrancy of Scripture'. The, citing earlier declarations, stated: 'Since everything asserted by the inspired authors or sacred writers must be held to be asserted by the Holy Spirit, it follows that the books of Scripture must be acknowledged as teaching solidly, faithfully and without error that truth which God wanted put into sacred writings for the sake of salvation'.

It added: 'Since God speaks in Sacred Scripture through men in human fashion, the interpreter of Sacred Scripture, in order to see clearly what God wanted to communicate to us, should carefully investigate what meaning the sacred writers really intended, and what God wanted to manifest by means of their words.' The Reformed Churches believe in the Bible is inerrant in the sense spoken of by Gregory and Nix and 'deny that Biblical infallibility and inerrancy are limited to spiritual, religious, or redemptive themes, exclusive of assertions in the fields of history and science'.

The speaks of 'the infallible truth and divine authority' of the Scriptures. In the, treats the as authoritative and says it 'cannot be broken' (). Says: 'All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness'. The claims that 'no prophecy of Scripture comes from someone's own interpretation. For no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the ' (). It also speaks of Paul's letters as containing some things 'hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other Scriptures'.

This letter does not specify 'the other Scriptures', nor does the term 'all Scripture' in 2 Timothy indicate which writings were or would be Breathed out by God and useful for teaching, since it does not preclude later works, such as the and the may have been. Pba 2k Series Free Download. The Catholic Church recognizes 73 books as inspired and forming the Bible (56 books of the and 27 books of the ).

The most common versions of the Bible that have today consist of 66 of these books. None of the 66 or 73 books gives a list of revealed books. Theologian and Christian existentialist philosopher (1886–1965), who sought to correlate culture and faith so that 'faith need not be unacceptable to contemporary culture and contemporary culture need not be unacceptable to faith', argued that revelation never runs counter to reason (affirming who said that faith is eminently rational), and that both poles of the subjective human experience are complementary.

Argued that God is the object of God’s own self-knowledge, and revelation in the Bible means the self-unveiling to humanity of the God who cannot be discovered by humanity simply through its own efforts. For him, the Bible is not The Revelation; rather, it points to revelation. Human concepts can never be considered as identical to God's revelation, and Scripture is written in human language, expressing human concepts. It cannot be considered identical with God's revelation. However, God does reveal himself through human language and concepts, and thus Christ is truly presented in scripture and the preaching of the church. Latter Day Saint movement [ ].

An 1893 engraving of receiving the and other artifacts from the. This denomination believes that the president of the church receives revelation directly from God for the direction of the church. (LDS Church) and some other claim to be led by revelation from God to a, who receives God’s word, just as,, other ancient and did. Latter-day Saints believe in an open scriptural canon, and in addition to the and the, have books of scripture containing the revelations of modern-day prophets such as the and the. LDS Church leaders (from the ) have taught during the church's that conference talks which are '[spoken as] moved upon by the Holy Ghost shall be scripture'.

In addition, many Mormons believe that ancient prophets in other regions of the world received revelations that resulted in additional scriptures that have been lost and may, one day, be forthcoming. Hence, the belief in.

Latter Day Saints also believe that the is a divinely inspired document. Mormons sustain the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints as prophet, seer, and revelator—the only person on earth who receives revelation to guide the entire church. They also sustain the two counselors in the First Presidency, as well as the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, as prophets, seers, and revelators. They believe that God has followed a pattern of continued revelation to prophets throughout the history of mankind (KJV Luke 1:70)--both to establish doctrine and maintain its integrity, as well as to guide the church under changing world conditions. When this pattern of revelation was broken, it was because the receivers of revelation had been rejected and often killed (Matt 23:31–37, Luke 11:47–51).

In the meridian of time, Paul described prophets and apostles in terms of a foundation, with Christ as the cornerstone, which was built to prevent doctrinal shift—'that we henceforth be no more children, tossed to and fro, and carried about by every wind of doctrine' (Eph 2:20 and 4:11–14, see also Matt 16:17–18). To maintain this foundation, new apostles were chosen and ordained to replace those lost to death or transgression, as when Matthias was called by revelation to replace Judas (Acts 1:15–26). However, as intensifying persecution led to the imprisonment and martyrdom of the apostles, it eventually became impossible to continue the apostolic succession. Once the foundation of apostles and prophets was lost, the integrity of Christian doctrine as established by Christ and the apostles began to be compromised by those who continued to develop doctrine despite not being called or authorized to receive revelation for the body of the church. In the absence of revelation, these post-apostolic theologians couldn’t help but introduce elements of human reasoning, speculation, and personal interpretation of scripture (2 Pet 1:19–20)—which over time led to the loss or corruption of various doctrinal truths, as well as the addition of new man-made doctrines.

This naturally led to much disagreement and schism, which over the centuries culminated in the large number of Christian churches on the earth today. Mormons believe that God resumed his pattern of revelation when the world was again ready, by calling the Prophet Joseph Smith to restore the fullness of the gospel of Jesus Christ to the earth. Since that time there has been a consistent succession of prophets and apostles, which God has promised will not be broken before the Second Coming of Christ (Dan 2:44). Each member of the LDS Church is also confirmed a member of the church following baptism and given the 'gift of the Holy Ghost' by which each member is encouraged to develop a personal relationship with that divine being and receive personal revelation for their own direction and that of their family.

The concept of revelation includes the belief that revelation from God is available to all those who earnestly seek it with the intent of doing good. It also teaches that everyone is entitled to personal revelation with respect to his or her (leadership responsibility). Thus, parents may receive inspiration from God in raising their families, individuals can receive divine inspiration to help them meet personal challenges, church officers may receive revelation for those whom they serve, and so forth. The important consequence of this is that each person may receive confirmation that particular doctrines taught by a prophet are true, as well as gain divine insight in using those truths for their own benefit and eternal progress.

In the church, personal revelation is expected and encouraged, and many converts believe that personal revelation from God was instrumental in their conversion., the sixth of the LDS Church, summarized this church's belief concerning revelation by saying, 'We believe in the principle of direct revelation from God to man.' (Smith, 362) Hinduism [ ]. Muhammad's Call to Prophecy and the First Revelation; leaf from a copy of the (Compendium of Histories), ca.

In The believe that (Arabic: ألله ) revealed his final message to all of existence through via the angel. Muhammad is considered to have been the and the last revelation, the, is believed by Muslims to be the flawless final revelation of God to humanity, valid until the. The Qur'an claims to have been revealed word by word and letter by letter.

[ ] Muslims hold that the message of Islam is the same as the message preached by all the messengers sent by God to humanity since. Muslims believe that Islam is the oldest of the monotheistic religions because it represents both the original and the final revelation of God to,,,, and Muhammad. Likewise, Muslims believe that every received revelation in their lives, as each prophet was sent by God to guide mankind. Is significant in this aspect as he received revelation in a twofold aspect, as Muslims believe he preached the while also having been taught the. According to Islamic traditions, Muhammad began receiving revelations from the age of 40, delivered through the angel Gabriel over the last 23 years of his life.

The content of these revelations, known as the Qur'an, was memorized and recorded by his followers and compiled from dozens of as well as other various parchments or hides into a single volume shortly after his death. In, Muhammad is considered equal in importance to all other and to make distinction among the prophets is a, as the Qur'an itself promulgates equality between God's prophets.(Qur'an 3:84) Many have made the distinction between revelation and, which according to Muslim theology, all righteous people can receive. Inspiration refers to God inspiring a person to commit some action, as opposed to revelation, which only the prophets received. Moses's mother,, being inspired to send the infant Moses in a cradle down the is a frequently cited example of inspiration, as is searching for water for the infant. 'Mattan Torah' redirects here.

Mattan Torah is 'the gift of Torah'. For ('the time of the giving of the Torah'), see. The term 'revelation' is used in two senses in Jewish theology; it either denotes (1) what in rabbinical language is called 'Gilluy Shekinah,' a manifestation of God by some wondrous act of His which overawes man and impresses him with what he sees, hears, or otherwise perceives of His glorious presence; or it denotes (2) a manifestation of His will through oracular words, signs, statutes, or laws. In, issues of epistemology have been addressed by such as (882–942) in his; (1135–1204) in his;, professor of philosophy at the Hebrew University; (1903–1993), talmudic scholar and philosopher;, professor of philosophy at the, and, professor of philosophy at the. One of the major trends in modern Jewish philosophy was the attempt to develop a theory of Judaism through existentialism. One of the primary players in this field was.

His major work, Star of Redemption, expounds a philosophy in which he portrays the relationships between God, humanity and world as they are connected by creation, revelation and redemption. Conservative Jewish philosophers and take the existentialist philosophy of Rosenzweig as one of their starting points for understanding. (They come to different conclusions, however.) Rabbinic Judaism, and contemporary, hold that the (Pentateuch) extant today is essentially the same one that the whole of the Jewish people received on, from God, upon their Exodus from Egypt. Beliefs that God gave a 'Torah of truth' to Moses (and the rest of the people), that Moses was the greatest of the prophets, and that the Law given to Moses will never be changed, are three of the of Orthodox Judaism according to.

Maimonides explains: 'We do not know exactly how the Torah was transmitted to Moses. But when it was transmitted, Moses merely wrote it down like a secretary taking dictation(Thus) every verse in the Torah is equally holy, as they all originate from God, and are all part of God's Torah, which is perfect, holy and true.' [ ] Orthodox Judaism believes that in addition to the written Torah, God also revealed to Moses a set of oral teachings, called the.

In addition to this revealed law, contains decrees and enactments made by prophets, rabbis, and sages over the course of Jewish history. Tends to regard even rabbinic decrees as being of divine origin or divinely inspired, while tends to regard them as being more potentially subject to human error, although due to the Biblical verse 'Do not stray from their words' ('Deuteronomy 17:11) it is still accepted as binding law. Tends to regard both the Torah and the Oral law as not verbally revealed. The Conservative approach tends to regard the Torah as compiled by redactors in a manner similar to the.

However, Conservative Jews also regard the authors of the Torah as divinely inspired, and many regard at least portions of it as originating with Moses. Positions can vary from the position of, following, that while the Torah originally given to Moses on Mount Sinai became corrupted or lost and had to be recompiled later by redactors, the recompiled Torah is nonetheless regarded as fully Divine and legally authoritative, to the position of that the Torah, while Divinely inspired, is a largely human document containing significant elements of human error, and should be regarded as the beginning of an ongoing process which is continuing today. [ ] Conservative Judaism regards the Oral Law as divinely inspired, but nonetheless subject to human error.

Reform and Reconstructionist Jews also accept the Documentary Hypothesis for the origin of the Torah, and tend to view all of the Oral law as an entirely human creation. Believe that the Torah is not a from God, but is a document written by human ancestors, carrying human understanding and experience, and seeking to answer the question: 'What does God require of us?' They believe that, though it contains many 'core-truths' about God and humanity, it is also time bound.

They believe that God's will is revealed through the interaction of humanity and God throughout history, and so, in that sense, Torah is a product of an ongoing revelation. Denies the notion of revelation entirely. Prophets [ ] Although the (the books of the Prophets) are considered divine and true, this does not imply that the books of the prophets are always read literally. Jewish tradition has always held that prophets used metaphors and analogies. There exists a wide range of commentaries explaining and elucidating those verses consisting of metaphor. Regards Moses as the greatest of the prophets, and this view is one of the of traditional Judaism. Consistent with the view that revelation to Moses was generally clearer than revelation to other prophets, Orthodox views of revelation to prophets other than Moses have included a range of perspectives as to directness.

For example, in said that accounts of revelation in the Nevi'im were not always as literal as in the and that some prophetic accounts reflect allegories rather than literal commands or predictions. And (1907–1972), author of a number of works on prophecy, said that, 'Prophetic inspiration must be understood as an event, not as a process.' In his work, he discussed the experience of being a prophet. In his book Prophetic Inspiration After the Prophets: Maimonides and Others, Heschel references to continued prophetic inspiration in Jewish following the destruction of the and into medieval and even Modern times. He wrote that 'To convey what the prophets experienced, the Bible could either use terms of descriptions or terms of indication.

Any description of the act of revelation in empirical categories would have produced a caricature. That is why all the Bible does is to state that revelation happened. How it happened is something they could only convey in words that are evocative and suggestive.' Recent revelations [ ] is probably the best-known revelation of recent times, but while some still consider it to be a genuine miracle, others regard it as a natural phenomenon with a natural explanation. See also [ ].